Men living through difficult times which fail to meet their aspirations split off into four categories. There are those who submit, become ‘pillars of society,’ become like the large unjust society around them. A second group rejects the standing order, but despairs of its ability to change it, and ‘migrates’ in its mind and spirit. A third believes in the necessity of change, but believes as well in the ‘bankruptcy of its own heritage’ and turns outside to foreign models of change and foreign ideologies… The fourth group, to which Ali Shariati belonged, believed in change, but sought to bring about justice through an ‘authentic ideology that emerged out of the soil of Islamic society.’
Source: Ajami, Fouad. The Vanished Imam: Musa al Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986, 220.
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